How can you learn about current events? Well, start by reading the news on line or in national publications. Also, the BBC has wonderful news coverage. When you come across a term you don't know, do a search on the web.
Many of the terms you asked about are terms you probably already know if you think about it. At school you had recess - time when you took a break from classes. At home there may have been a recess in the wall where your mother put the phone or a vase - an area pushed back from the rest of the wall. A recession is a time when economic growth takes a break or when economic growth is actually pushed down from current levels.
A cold war is called "cold" because it isn't a hot war or a shooting war. When you are out at a club, and there is some tension, the people involved might give one another cold, threatening looks, right? If they actually start exchanging blows, might the situation be best described as "getting too hot"? That's the difference between a hot zone and a cold war. "The cold war" is usually a reference to tension and competition between powers in the west (UK, US, Europe) and in the east, especially the former Soviet Union (Russia and its satellites) It lasted until the breakup of the USSR into Georgia, Russia, and many other countries.
Just keep after little threads, and read as much as you can. Go to the library and ask for accessible histories or read biographies of people who lived in different times and places.
Good luck, and you should be proud of yourself for wanting to grow as a citizen of the world.
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